CloudPiercer: Bypassing Cloud-based Security Providers (by Thomas Vissers, iMinds-DistriNet-KU Leuven)
The goal of the presentation was to show how the CBSP (Cloud Based Security Providers) are protecting the applications and how this protections can be circumvented.
The most common attacks on the web applications are the DDOS.
2 types of DDOS attacks:
volumetric attacks – no more network bandwidth
application level attacks – servers are targeted
How the CBSP are protecting the web application ?
CBSP reroute and filter the customer traffic through their cloud (see the following picture).
The secrecy of the origin server IP address is crucial because, (if discovered) the server can be hit directly and the CBSP protection is useless.
Vulnerabilities, or how the origin server IP can be found
subdomains – administrators can create a specific subdomain, such as origin.example.com, that directly resolves to the origin’s IP address; they need it in order to easily connect to the server for non http services (SSH, FTP)
dns records – other DNS records might still reveal your origin.; ex TXT records, MX records
SSL certificates – it concerns the https connection between CBSP and origin server. If an attacker is able to scan all IP addresses and retrieve all SSL certificates, he can find the IP addresses of hosts with certificates that are associated with the domain he is trying to expose.
IP history – companies constantly track DNS changes
sensitive files on the (target) web application; error messages, files containing IP information
outbound connections – force the origin to connect to you.
Defenses/what can i do to protect ?
request a new ip address when activating the CBSP.
block all non-CBSP requests with your firewall
choose a CBSB that assignes a dedicated IP address to you
I will start with the conclusion because it’s maybe the most important part of this review.
For me this is a must read book if you want to write more robust (web and non web) applications in Java, it covers a very large panel of topics from the basics of securing a web application using HTTP/S response headers to handling the encryption of sensitive informations in the right way.
Chapter 1: Web Application Security Basics
This chapter is an introduction to the security of web application and it can be split in 2 different types of items.
The first type of items is what I would call “low-hanging fruits” or how you could improve the security of your application with a very small effort:
The use of HTTP/S POST request method is advised over the use of HTTP/S GET. In the case of POST the parameters are embedded in the request body, so the parameters are not stored and visible in the browser history and if used over HTTPS are opaques to a possible attacker.
The use of the HTTP/S response headers:
Cache-Control – directive that instructs the browser how should cache the data.
X-Frame-Options – response header that can be used to indicate whether or not a browser should be allowed to render a page in a <frame>, <iframe> or <object> . Sites can use this to avoid clickjacking attacks, by ensuring that their content is not embedded into other sites.
X-XSS-Protection – response header that can help stop some XSS atacks (this is implemented and recognized only by Microsoft IE products).
The second types of items are more complex topics like the input validation and security controls. For this items the authors just scratch the surface because all of this items will be treated in more details in the future chapters of the book.
Chapter 2: Authentication and Session Management
This chapter is about how a secure authentication feature should work; under the authentication topic is included the login process, session management, password storage and the identity federation.
The first part is presenting the general workflow of login and session management (see next picture) and for every step of the workflow some dos and don’t are described.
login and session management workflow
The second part of the chapter is about common attacks on the authentication and for each kind of attack a solution to mitigated is also presented. This part of the chapter is strongly inspired from the OWASP Session Management Cheat Sheet which is rather normal because one of the authors (Jim Manico) is the project manager of the OWASP Cheat Sheet Series.
Even if you are not implementing an authentication framework for you application, you could still find good advices that can be applied to other web applications; like the use of the use of the secured and http-only attributes for cookies and the increase of the session ID length.
Chapter 3: Access Control
The chapter is about the advantages and pitfalls of implementing an authorization framework and can be split in three parts.
The first part describes the goal of an authorization framework and defines some core terms:
subject : the service making the request
subject attributes : the attributes that defines the service making the request.
group : basic organizational structure
role : a functional abstraction that uniquely describe system collaborators with similar or unique duties.
object : data being operating on.
object attributes : the attributes that defines the type of object being operating on.
access control rules : decision that need to be made to determine if a subject is allowed to access an object.
policy enforcement point : the place in code where the access control check is made.
policy decision point : the engine that takes the subject, subject attributes, object, object attributes and evaluates them to make an access control decision.
policy administration point : administrative entry in the access control system.
The second part of the chapter describes some access control (positive) patterns and anti-patterns.
Some of the (positive) access control patterns: have a centralized policy enforcement point and policy decision point (not spread through the entire code), all the authorization decisions should be taken on server-side only (never trust the client), the changes in the access control rules should be done dynamically (should not be necessary to recompile or restart/redeploy the application).
For the anti-patterns, some of then are just opposite of the (positive) patterns : hard-coded policy (opposite of “changes in the access control rules should be done dynamically”), adding the access control manually to every endpoint (opposite of have a centralized policy enforcement point and policy decision point)
Others anti-patterns are around the idea of never trusting the client: do not use request data to make access control policy decisions and fail open (the control access framework should cope with wrong or missing parameters coming from the client).
The third part of the chapter is about different approaches (actually two) to implement an access control framework. The most used approach is RBAC (Role Based Access Control) and is implemented by some well knows Java access control frameworks like Apache Shiro and Spring Security. The most important limitation of RBAC is the difficulty of implementing data-specific/contextual access control. The use of ABAC (Attribute Based Access Control) paradigm can solve the data-specific/contextual access control but there are no mature frameworks on the market implementing this.
Chapter 4: Cross-Site Scripting Defense
This chapter is about the most common vulnerability found across the web and have two parts; the presentation of different types of cross-site scripting (XSS) and the way to defend against it.
XSS is a type of attack that consists in including untrusted data into the victim (web) browser. There are three types of XSS:
reflected XSS (non persistent) – the attacker tampers the HTTP request to submit malicious JavaScript code.Reflected attacks are delivered to victims via e-mail messages, or on some other web site. When a user clicks on a malicious link, submitting a specially crafted form the injected code travels to the vulnerable web site, which reflects the attack back to the user’s browser. The browser then executes the code because it came from a “trusted” server.
stored XSS (persistent XSS) – the malicious script is stored on the server hosting the vulnerable web application (usually in the database) and it is served later to other users of the web application when the users are loading the vulnerable page. In this case the victim does not require to take any attacker-initiated action.
DOM-based XSS – the attack payload is executed as a result of modifying the DOM “environment” in the victim’s browser.
For the defense techniques the big picture is that the input validation and output encoding should fix (almost) all the problems but very often various factors needs to be considered when deciding the defense technique.
Chapter 5: Cross-Site Request Forgery Defense and Clickjacking
The chapter dedicated to the Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) have the same structure as the previous chapter (dedicated to the XSS); the first part defines the CSRF and how it works and the second part defines mitigations strategies.
CSRF is an attack that can be used to force the victim to trigger unwanted actions on a web application in which they’re currently authenticated.
CSRF and XSS can be related in the sense that a XSS vulnerability could be used in order to embed a CSRF attack in the victim web site but most importantly a XSS vulnerability can be used to avoid the CSRF defenses; XSS can be used to read any (CSRF) tokens from any page or a XSS vulneariblity can be used to access cookies not having the HTTPOnly flag.
The following mitigations techniques are presented:
synchronizer token pattern – an anti-CSRF token is created and stored in the user session and in a hidden field on subsequent form submits. At every submit the server checks the token from the session matches the one submitted from the form. Tomcat 6+ implements this pattern; for more infos please see CSRF Protection Filter.
double-cookie submit pattern – when a user authenticates to a site, the site should generate a (cryptographically strong) pseudo-random value and set it as a cookie on the user’s machine separate from the session id. The site does not have to save this value in any way, thus avoiding server side state. The site then requires that every transaction request include this random value as a hidden form value (or other request parameter). A cross origin attacker cannot read any data sent from the server or modify cookie values, per the same-origin policy. The AngularJS framework implements this pattern out of the box; see Cross Site Request Forgery (XSRF) Protection
challenge/response pattern – the solution consists in forcing the user a value known only to him in order to complete the action.
Chapter 6: Protecting Sensitive Data
This chapter is articulated around three topics; how to protect (sensitive) data in transit, how to protect (sensitive) data at rest and the generation of secure random numbers.
How to protect the data in transit
The standard way to protect data in transit is by use of cryptographic protocol Transport Layer Security (TLS). In the case of web applications all the low level details are handled by the web server/application server and by the client browser but if you need a secure communications channel programmatically you can use the Java Secure Sockets Extension (JSSE). The authors recommendations for the cipher suites is to use the JSSE defaults.
Another topic treated by the authors is about the certificate and key management in Java. The notions of trustore and keystore are very well explained and examples about how to use the keytool tool are provided. Last but not least examples about how to manipulate the trustores and keystores programmatically are also provided.
How to protect data at rest
The goal is how to securely store the data but in a reversible way, so the data must be wrapped in protection when is stored and the protection must be unwrapped later when it is used.
For this kind of scenarios, the authors are focusing on Keyczar which is a (open source) framework created by Google Security Team having as goal to make it easier and safer the use cryptography for the developers. The developers should not be able to inadvertently expose key material, use weak key lengths or deprecated algorithms, or improperly use cryptographic modes.
Examples are provided about how to use Keyczar for encryption (symmetric and asymmetric) and for signing purposes.
Generation of secure random numbers
Last topic of the chapter is about the Java support for the generation of secure random numbers like the optimal way of using the java.security.SecureRandom (knowing that the implementation depends on the underlying platform) and the new cryptographic features of Java8 (enhance of the revocation certificate checking, TLS Server name indication extension).
Chapter 7: SQL Injection and other injection attacks
This chapter is dedicated to the injections attacks; the sql injection being treated in more details that the other types of injection.
SQL injection
The sql injection mechanism and the usual defenses are very well explained. What is interesting is that the authors are proposing solutions to limit the impact of SQL injections when the “classical” solution of query parametrization cannot be applied (in the case of legacy applications for example): the use of input validation, the use of database permissions and the verification of the number of results.
Other types of injections
XML injection, JSON-Based injection and command injection are very briefly presented and the main takeaways are the following ones:
use a safe parser (like JSON.parse) when parsing untrusted JSON
when received untrusted XML, an XML schema should be applied to ensure proper XML structure.
when XML query language (XPath) is intermixed with untrusted data, query parametrization or encoding is necessary.
Chapter 8: Safe File Upload and File I/O
The chapter speaks about how to safety treat files coming from external sources and to protect against attacks like file path injection, null byte injection, quota overloaded Dos.
The main takeaways are the following ones: validate the filenames (reject filenames containing dangerous characters like “/” or “\”), setting a per-user upload quota, save the file to a non-accessible directory, create a filename reference map to link the actual file name to a machine generated name and use this generated file name.
Chapter 9: Logging, Error Handling and Intrusion Detection
Logging
What should be be logged: what happened, who did it, when it happened, what data have been modified, and what should not be logged: sensitive information like sessions IDs, personal informations.
Some logging frameworks for security are presented like OWASP ESAPI Logging and Logback. If you are interested in more details about the security logging you can check OWASP Logging Cheat Sheet.
Error Handling
On the error handling the main idea is to not leak to the external world stacktraces that could give valuable information about your application/infrastructure to an attacker. It is possible to prevent this by registering to the application level static pages for each type of error code or by exception type.
Intrusion Detection
The last part of the chapter is about techniques to help monitor end detect and defend against different types of attacks. Besides the “craft yourself” solutions, the authors also re presenting the OWASP AppSensor application.
Chapter 10: Secure Software Development Lifecycle
The last chapter is about the SSDLC (Secure Software Development Life Cycle) and how the security could be included in each steps of development cycle. For me this chapter is not the best one but if you are interested about this topic I highly recommend the Software Security: Building Security in book (you can read my own review of the book here, here and here).
A few months ago (during BeneLux OWASP Days 2016) I’ve seen a presentation of the OWASP Security Knowledge Framework. I found the presentation very interesting so I decided to dig a little bit to learn more about OWASP Security Knowledge Framework a.k.a SKF. I found the official documentation a little bit sparse so after playing with SKF a few days I decided to write on paper what I have learned.
Introduction
SKF is a tools that helps the software developers to ease the integration of security into SDLC (Software Development Lifecycle). For the end-user, SKF can be used as web application which can be accessed after creating an account.
SKF web site have deployed a demo application, that can be accessed here SKF demo site (the username is admin and the password is test-skf. (be aware that the site content is scratched every hour).
Installation
If you want to install SKF in-house, then you can follow the installation instructions (installation instructions under Ubuntu, MacOS and Windows are provided and also Chef and AWS). Another installation option would be to use Docker; in this case you could use the following Docker image that I created. (the image is based on Ubuntu 14.04 64 bits version).
Once the application is running (in the case of Ubuntu manual installation it will run over HTTPS on port 5443) you have to unlock the default admin account (I will speak later about user and group management in SKF). This procedure is described in First run page; what is important to note is that on the “first login” page you must use the pincode 1234 and the email [email protected] (these values are hard-coded).
introduction of the security requirements in the SDLC.
The knowledge base
The SKF knowledge base contains the descriptions and the solutions to over 200 vulnerabilities, attacks and security best practices: API responses security headers, Access Control patterns, Command injection and many, many more.
The code examples
SKF also contains a few dozens of code examples of best practices to write secure code; the examples are written in PHP and C# languages.
Security Checklists
SKF offers also the possibility to create projects and users, the idea being that the users can be part of one or more projects and each project can contains a list of security checklists and security requirements.
The admin user (the user that have been unlocked after the installation) can create projects and users. For the user creation, a unique pincode is generated and the new user need to use this pincode the first time when he connects to the application.
The security checklists are representing a way to testing web application technical security controls and also provides developers with a list of requirements for secure development. SKF uses the OWASP Application Security Verification Standard (ASVS) checklists. SKF shows the checklists in a very user friendly way and the checklists can be customized in case your project have special security requirements. It is possible to add as many checklists as wanted end every checklists can be downloaded as a .docx document.
The OWASP ASVS contains the following verification criteria:
Architecture, design ant threat modeling.
Authentication.
Session management.
Access control.
Malicious input handling.
Cryptography at rest.
Error handling and logging.
Data protection.
Communications.
HTTP security configuration.
Malicious controls.
Business logic.
Files and resources.
Mobile
Web services
Configuration
Security requirements
For me, the most interesting feature of the SFK is the ability to create and attach to each project multiple items called functions. The basic idea is that the user can choose from a list of security requirements depending of the feature that should be implemented; for example you if for implementing a new feature, an eternal library will be used then you can add as security requirement the “third party software” function. Each security requirement contains a description and a solution about how to be handled.
The OWASP SKF contains the following security requirements:
third party software
sub-domains
Access controls or Login systems
User registration
Form
Sessions
Password forget functions
Forward or redirect
GET variables or parameters
XML files
File Download
File upload
Regular expressions
Eval type functions
Private user data
System commands
SSI commands
XSLT input and output
HTTP headers
LDAP commands
User-input in HTML output
X-Path
File inclusion
Path or Filename
SQL commands
(My) Conclusion
What I like about OWASP SKF is that it tries to introduce the secure coding practices into the SDLC in a easy and customizable way; ideally you should use all the features of the SKF but it’s up to each team/project to choose how SKF could help to have a more secure code.
On the negative side I would have the following remarks:
the application looks unstable; very often I have “Internal server error” on my Docker instance.
the code examples for Java are in the “Coming Soon” status for the last (at least) 8 months; maybe should be removed to not set-up unreasonable expectations.
I (personally) do not appreciate the ergonomy of the user interface; the actions linked projects (project creation, results) are mixed with the user management actions (user and group creation) and with other actions which are independent of projects and groups (code examples and knowledge base). As a new user I was very confused and I didn’t understood right away that the 4 SKF features can be used independently.
This presentation was about how to educate the teenagers to be aware of the dangers installing cracked video games.
The first part of the presentation was an practical example of what a system containing cracked video games is doing in background:the system was connected to external IP addresses from different countries, various ports were open to the target machine, even an cloud hard drive data backup software it was silently operating.
The second part of the presentation was about a process that could be applied in order to reduce the risk of transforming the pc in a botnet client. This process implied:
the use of an intermediary pc on which a scan of the downloaded games could be done.
a virtual machine on which the Wireshark is installed. On this VM, the game could be eventually installed.
Top 10 privacy risks in web applications
The goal of this presentation was to present the OWASP Top 10 Privacy Risks Project which have as goal to identify the most important technical and organizational privacy risks for web applications and to propose some mitigations techniques.
The top 10 privacy risks:
Web Application Vulnerabilities
Operator-sided Data Leakage
Insufficient Data Breach Response
Insufficient Deletion of personal data
Non-transparent Policies, Terms and Conditions
Collection of data not required for the primary purpose
Sharing of data with third party
Outdated personal data
Missing or Insufficient Session Expiration
Insecure Data Transfer
LangSec meets State Machines
For me this presentation contained two separate and independent tracks.
The first track was around LANGSEC: Language-theoretic Security The LangSec idea (which sounds very appealing) is to treat all inputs of an applcation (valid or invalid) as a formal language. In this case then the input validation would be done using a a recognizer for that language.
LangSec principle: no more handwriter parsers but:
precisely defined input languages
generated parsers
complete parsing before processing
keep the input language simple & clear
The second track was around the use of state diagrams in order to detect security flows in different protocols (GSM, SSH). Lot of protocols have states and it is possible to compute the state machine of a protocol using a black box testing approach.
The Tales of a Bug Bounty Hunter
The author is participating to the Facebook Bug Bounty Program and the presentation was about the different security vulnerabilities found in the Instagram application. For each vulnerability, a detailed description was made.
The most surprising fact was that the impact of the vulnerabilities found was not at all linked to the time/effort spent to find the vulnerabilities :).
OWASP Secure Knowledge Framework (SKF)
The OWASP SKF is intended to be a tool that is used as a guide for building and verifying secure software.
Security knowledge reference (Code examples/ Knowledge Base items) in PHP and C# (not yet in Java)
Security as part of design with the pre-development functionality. The developer can choose the type of functionality taht he wants to implement and SKF will make a reports with all the security hints/infos that he should be aware.
Security post-development functionality for verification with the OWASP ASVS
The application is an web application and can be runned on local systems of developers or on a server.
Challenges in Android Malware Detection
A traditional way of malware detection:
collect suspicious samples
analyze the samples (usually manually)
extract the signature
A smarter solution could be that given a set of known malwares + known goodwares + use data mining techniques to detect unknown samples.
The main problem of this approach is that :
there are a few small sets of known malwares
there are no set of known goodwares
The conclusion is that is very difficult to build the wright set of malwares and goodwares so there is not possible to have an automatic malware detection process.
Serial Killer: Silently Pwning your Java Endpoints
This presentation is about the Java deserialization vulnerability. Tha authors explains how the vulnerability works, what products/frameworks are affected and also what are the possible mitigations. The best mitigations is to not use at all the serialization/deserialization process and/or replace it by JSON or XML.
The slides of this presentation can be found here.
Providers) are protecting the applications and how this protections can be circumvented.
Adventures in the programming jungle 
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